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Gas lift chairs

2006-07-21T11:32:00.000-07:00

Gas lift chairs are a form of the office chair that allow the user to modify their height in relation to the height of a desk, leading to an increase in comfort and ergonomic benefit.

The concept of using a gas spring to aid the adjustment of chairs is described in patent GB1261658[1], issued in 1972 to Drabert Soehne of Minden, Germany and cites the inventor as Drabert Fritz.

References

European Patent Office record of Patent GB1261658: Improvements in and relating to chairs

Lunar New Year Fair

2006-07-20T05:04:00.000-07:00

Crowd in Chinese New Year Fair at Victoria Park

Lunar New Year Fair (年宵市場) is a fair held annually a few days before Lunar New Year in Hong Kong. The fair is held in various location in Hong Kong, notably Victoria Park and Fa Hui Park. Fair gathers hundreds of stalls for various goods. Half of the area is for selling auspicious flowering plants like narcissus, peony, chrysanthemum, peach and fruit plants like mandarin. Another half is for selling dry stuff for Chinese New Year.

The fair draws lots of people to visit. It is part of custom, hang nin siu (行年宵, walk the year night) or hang fa shi (行花市, walk the flower market). The crowd peaks at a few hours before and after midnight of the New Year's Day. The stall tenders would try to sell all their stocks in these few hours before the fair closes. Flower stall tenders would not take the flowers back when the fair closes but leave it to charity organisations.

In 2000s increasingly youths from various youth organisations, secondary schools and universities operate stalls their own.

In tradition, the Governor of Hong Kong visited the fair annually, usually in Victoria Park. The Chief Executive of Hong Kong continues this tradition.

Location

At the time of 2006, it was held in:

Victoria Park, Causeway Bay
Fa Hui Park, Sham Shui Po
Cheung Sha Wan Playground, Sham Shui Po
Kai Tak East Playground, Wong Tai Sin
Kwun Tong Recreation Ground, Kwun Tong
Sha Tsui Road Playground, Tsuen Wan
Kwai Chung Sports Ground, Kwai Tsing
Shek Pai Tau Playground, Tuen Mun
Pedestrian Mall Opposite Yuen Long Public Swimming Pool & On Hing Playground, Yuen Long
Shek Wu Hui Playground, North District
Tin Hau Temple Fung Shui Square, Tai Po
Yuen Wo Playground, Sha Tin
Man Yee Playground, Sai Kung
Po Hong Park, Tseung Kwan O

External links

Auction of stalls by government

前1440年代

2006-07-18T10:45:00.000-07:00

世纪：	前16世纪 \| 前15世纪 \| 前14世纪
年代：	前1460年代前1450年代 \| 前1440年代 \| 前1430年代前1420年代
年份：	前1449年前1448年前1447年前1446年前1445年前1444年前1443年前1442年前1441年前1440年

重要事件及趋势

重要人物

漫画作品

2006-07-17T19:43:00.000-07:00

漫画作品是漫画家经过辛勤劳动而创作出的作品。它将与广大的读者见面，从而表达作者的思想和意图。其中有不少在人们心中引起很大回响的传世之作，为世代读者广为传颂。由于漫画区分为传统漫画和现代漫画，因而漫画作品也分为传统漫画作品和现代漫画作品。

传统漫画作品

概述

传统漫画作品因为创作简单、发行渠道广，所以作品的数量非常多。但也正因为这样，人们很难把它们收集整理、分门别类。而且其中有些作品因为年代久远，不少已经遗失。再加上传统漫画受到现代漫画的严重冲击，目前已经逐渐推出前沿舞台，只有在报纸或杂志的角落里方能见到。由于其商业价值不高，目前已经很少有以画传统漫画为生的漫画家。但由于历史上在传统漫画的黄金时期曾有大量经典的作品遗留下来，而这些作品也就成了经典的传世之作。

作品一览

由于作品数量比较多，这里只列出非常著名或曾引起一定反响的知名作品。

不畏浮云遮望眼自缘身在最高层（豐子愷）
长堤树老阅人多（豐子愷）
海内存知己天涯若比邻（豐子愷）
红了樱桃绿了芭蕉（豐子愷）
孔乙己是站着喝酒而穿长衫的唯一的人（豐子愷）
名人漫画像（叶浅予）
取苹果（豐子愷）
三毛的故事（张乐平）
三十年代影星漫画像（丁聪）
挖耳朵（豐子愷）
现象（丁聪）
燕归人未归（豐子愷）
余香（豐子愷）
众生相……（张乐平）

注：以上作品名称均按拼音顺序排列，不分排名。

现代漫画作品

概述

现代漫画作品在其丰厚的商业价值的带动下，已经逐渐风靡全球。目前它的种类和数量已经达到无法统计的地步。但相比与传统漫画，由于它面世比较晚，不存在作品遗失的问题。虽然数量很多，但由于其商业性，有不少炒作作品也产于其中，因此经典作品还是可以一一列举出来的。目前按语言文字分类，日语的作品数量最多，这主要与日本的漫画产业有关。随着现代漫画的不断发展，中文漫画作品的数量也与日俱增，其中也不乏一些优秀的传世之作。

作品一览

由于作品数量比较多，这里只列出非常著名或曾引起一定反响的知名作品。

中文作品

白秋练（胡蓉）
繁华如梦（郑旭升，《少年漫画》）
黑血（赵佳，《少年漫画》）
花妖（自由鸟，《欢乐少年》）
火王（游素蘭，《公主快報》《公主雜誌》）
金人（阿莹，脚本：阿明，《卡通王》）
蓝指（丁冰，《少年漫画》）
琉璃时间（林夕，《卡通王》）
米米（MINI，《北京卡通》）
魔尘（林莹，《卡通王》）
破坏游戏（杨颖红，《卡通先锋》）
傾國怨伶（游素蘭，《周末漫畫》），
人偶师未来（客心，《少年漫画》）
天籁（自由鸟，《少年漫画》）
天使迷夢（游素蘭，《談星》）
我的给你（健一，脚本：何小河，《北京卡通》）
我的旋律（陆明，《少年漫画》）
无痕（林意菲，《少年漫画》）
翔龍記（游素蘭）
小山日记（陈翔，《画书大王》）
校园无限（陈岚，《卡通先锋》）
修缘传（廖玲，《卡通王》）
雪椰（颜开，《画书大王》《三优画王》《科普画王》《金虹画集》《科幻世界画刊》）
游戏（林莹，林夕，脚本：阿明，《卡通王》）
原来就是你（翁辰，《北京卡通》）
辗转红尘（嘉瑶，《少年漫画》）
撞破江湖（李尧，《卡通先锋》）

注：以上作品名称均按拼音顺序排列，不分排名。

日語作品

凡爾賽玫瑰，池田理代子作
美少女戰士，武內直子作
相聚一刻
初吻，河方薰作。
北斗神拳
蒼之封印
城市獵人
純情房東俏房客(原名《Love Hina》，赤松健作)
多啦A夢
飞人,藤子·F·不二雄作
怪物太郎,藤子·F·不二雄作
海王子
高達
輝夜姬
強殖裝甲
IQ博士
ONEPIECE
JoJo奇妙冒險
Q太郎,藤子·F·不二雄作
蠟筆小新
籃球飛人
獵人
閃電霹靂車
名偵探柯南
鬥球兒彈平
尼羅河的女兒
婆娑羅
七龍珠
亂馬1/2
爆走兄弟
三隻眼（英文名《3×3 Eyes》，原作：高田裕三）
聖鬥士星矢
森林大帝
石之花（坂口尚，反戰漫畫）
鐵臂阿童木(原子小金剛)
小恐龍阿貢
庫洛魔法使
靈異教師神眉
新世紀福音戰士
幽游白書
四驅郎
自由領域（又名《ZERO CITY》，胡蓉，原作：石井龍也，劇本：劍名舞，《MYSTERY DELUXE》）
足球小將
最終兵器彼女
天使禁獵區原作：由貴香織里
Black CAT
chobst
M.A.R魔兵傳奇
D.Gray-man
魔法老師
最終進化少年
櫻蘭高校男公關部

註：以上作品名稱均按拼音順序排列，不分排名。

其他语言作品

丁丁（Tintin）——比利时
父与子
加菲猫(Garfield)——美国
忍者龜——美国
蜘蛛侠——美国
蝙蝠俠——美国
史努比（Peanuts）——美国
米老鼠（Mickey Mouse）——美国
超时空猴王(梁挺)——美国

参见

漫画--漫画家--漫画杂志
动画--动画影集--迪士尼经典动画长片--迪士尼未来新片列表
连环画

Sarki

2006-04-18T14:31:00.000-07:00

Sarki is respected family caste in Pakistan.

A sarki is also a light art song in Ottoman music.

A sarki is a leather worker in Nepal. See also: Nepalese kami (blacksmith) and khukuri.

2005-12-19T09:33:00.000-08:00

A fictional character is any person who appears in a work of fiction. More accurately, a fictional character is the person or conscious entity we imagine to exist within the world of such a work. In addition to people, characters can be aliens, animals, gods or, occasionally, inanimate objects. Characters are almost always at the center of fictional texts, especially novels and plays. It is, in fact, hard to imagine a novel or play without characters, though such texts have been attempted (James Joyce's Finnegans Wake is one of the most famous examples). In poetry, there is almost always some sort of person present, but often only in the form of a narrator or an imagined listener.

In various forms of theatre, performance arts and cinema (except for animation and CGI movies), fictional characters are performed by actors, dancers and singers. In animations and puppetry, they are voiced by voice actors, though there have been several examples, particularly, in machinima, where characters are voiced by computer generated voices.

The process of setting up characters for a work of fiction is called characterization.

1 Names of characters
2 Some ways of reading characters
- 2.1 Character as symbol
- 2.2 Character as representative
- 2.3 Characters as historical or biographical references
- 2.4 Character as words
- 2.5 Character as patient: psychoanalytic readings
- 2.6 Round characters vs. flat characters
3 Unusual uses
4 Iconic fictional characters
5 Lists of fictional characters
- 5.1 General
- 5.2 Stock characters
- 5.3 Fictional animals
- 5.4 Lists of fictional characters in specific works or series
- 5.5 Heroes and villains
6 See also

Names of characters

The names of fictional characters are often quite important. The conventions of naming have changed over time. In many Restoration comedies, for example, characters are given emblematic names that sound nothing like real life names: "Sir Fidget", "Mr. Pinchwife" and "Mrs. Squeamish" are some typical examples (all from The Country Wife by William Wycherley).

Some 18th and 19th century texts, on the other hand, represent characters' names by the use of a single letter and a long dash (this convention is also used for other proper nouns, such as place names). This has the effect of suggesting that the author had a real person in mind but omitted the full name for propriety's sake. Les Misérables by Victor Hugo uses this technique.

One reason for this dash is that, in Britain and in other countries with a feudal heritage, the names of counties and places might be the names of the feudal lords over those places. One cannot arbitrarily give someone the name "Earl of Manchester" because someone may either have or be elevated to such a title, so it may be grounds for a lawsuit. Hence fictitious names are based on disparaged historical characters, or tend to be re-used. For example, "Lady de Winter" is a character in Dumas père's Three Musketeers, and the family name was used in Du Maurier's Rebecca. (The same holds true for the names of houses: in the latter book, "Windermere" is named after a lake, not a feudal holding).

The 19th century movements of sentimentalism, realism and naturalism all encouraged readers to imagine characters as real people by giving them realistic names, names that were often the titles of books, such as Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre or Charles Dickens' David Copperfield. These conventions were followed by the majority of subsequent literature, including most contemporary literature.

However, there are few characters with names that are completely arbitrary. At the very least, names tend to indicate nationality and status. Often, the literal meaning or origin of a name is of some symbolic importance.

Some ways of reading characters

Readers vary enormously in how they understand fictional characters. The most extreme ways of reading fictional characters would be to think of them exactly as real people or to think of them as purely artistic creations that have everything to do with craft and nothing to do with real life. Most styles of reading fall somewhere in between.

Here are some typical ways of reading fictional characters in literary criticism:

Character as symbol

In some readings, certain characters are understood to represent a given quality or abstraction. Rather than simply being people, these characters stand for something larger. Many characters in Western literature have been read as Christ symbols, for example. Other characters have been read as symbolizing capitalist greed (as in F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby), the futility of fulfilling the American Dream, or quixotic romanticism (Don Quixote).

Character as representative

Another way of reading characters symbolically is to understand each character as a representative of a certain group of people. For example, Bigger Thomas of Native Son by Richard Wright is often seen as representative of young black men in the 1930s, doomed to a life of poverty and exploitation. Dagny Taggart and other characters from Atlas Shrugged by Ayn Rand are seen as representative of American's hard-nosed, hard-working class.

Many practitioners of cultural criticism and feminist criticism focus their analysis of characters on cultural stereotypes. In particular, they consider the ways in which authors rely on and/or work against stereotypes when they create their characters. Such critics, for example, would read Native Son in relation to racist stereotypes of African American men as sexually violent (especially against white women). In reading Bigger Thomas' character, one could ask in what ways Richard Wright relied on these stereotypes to create a violent African-American male character and in what ways he fought against it by making that character the protagonist of the novel rather than an anonymous villain.

Often, readings that focus on stereotypes demand that we focus our attention on seemingly unimportant characters, such as the ubiquitous sambo characters in early cinema. Minor characters, or stock characters, are often the focus of this kind of analysis since they tend to rely more heavily on stereotypes than more central characters.

Characters as historical or biographical references

Sometimes characters obviously represent important historical figures. For example, Nazi-hunter Yakov Liebermann in The Boys from Brazil by Ira Levin is often compared to real life Nazi-hunter Simon Wiesenthal, and corrupted populist politician Willie Stark from All the King's Men by Robert Penn Warren is often compared to Louisiana governor Huey P. Long.

Other times, authors base characters on people from their own personal lives. Glenarvon by Lady Caroline Lamb chronicles her love affair with Lord Byron, who is thinly disguised as the title character. Nicole, a destructive, mentally ill woman in Tender is the Night by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is often seen as a fictionalized version of Fitzgerald's wife Zelda.

Perhaps because so many people enjoy imagining characters as real people, many critics devote their time to seeking out real people on whom literary figures were likely based. Frequently authors base stories on themselves or their loved ones.

Character as words

Some language- or text-oriented critics emphasize that characters are nothing more than certain conventional uses of words on a page: names or even just pronouns repeated throughout a text. They refer to characters as functions of the text. Some critics go so far as to suggest that even authors do not exist outside the texts that construct them.

Character as patient: psychoanalytic readings

Psychoanalytic criticism usually treats characters as real people possessing complex psyches. Psychoanalytic critics approach literary characters as an analyst would treat a patient, searching their dreams, past, and behavior for explanations of their fictional situations.

Alternatively, some psychoanalytic critics read characters as mirrors for the audience's psychological fears and desires. Rather than representing realistic psyches then, fictional characters offer us a way to act out psychological dramas of our own in symbolic and often hyperbolic form. The classic example of this would be Freud's reading of Oedipus (and Hamlet, for that matter) as emblematizing every child's fantasy of murdering his father to possess his mother.

This form of reading persists today in much film criticism. The feminist critic Laura Mulvey is considered a pioneer in the field. Her groundbreaking 1975 article, "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema"[1], analyzed the role of the male viewer of conventional narrative cinema as fetishist, using psychoanalysis "as a political weapon, demonstrating the way the unconscious of patriarchal society has structured film form."

Round characters vs. flat characters

Some critics distinguish between "round characters" and "flat characters" or types. The former are made up of many personality traits and tend to be complex and both more life-like and believable, while the latter consist of only a few personality traits and tend to be simple and less believable. The protagonist (main character, sometimes known as the "hero" or the "heroine") of a novel is certain to be a round character; a minor, supporting character in the same novel may be a flat character. Scarlett O'Hara, of Gone with the Wind, is a good example of a round character, whereas her servant Prissy exemplifies the flat character. Likewise, many antagonists (characters in conflict with protagonists, sometimes known as "villains") are round characters. An example of an antagonist who is a round character is Gone with the Wind's Rhett Butler.

A number of stereotypical or "stock" characters have developed throughout the history of drama. Some of these characters include the country bumpkin, the con artist, and the city slicker. Often, these characters are the basis of "flat characters", though elements of stock characters can also be present in round characters as well.

Unusual uses

Postmodern fiction frequently incorporates real characters into fictional and even realistic surroundings. In film, the appearance of a real person as himself inside of a fictional story is a type of cameo. For instance, Woody Allen's Annie Hall has Allen's character call in Marshall McLuhan to resolve a disagreement.

In some experimental fiction, the author acts as a character within his own text. One of the earliest examples of this is Niebla ("Fog") by Miguel de Unamuno (1907), in which the main character visits Unamuno in his office to discuss his fate in the novel. Paul Auster also employs this device in his novel City of Glass (1985), which opens with the main character getting a phone call for Paul Auster. At first the main character explains that the caller has reached a wrong number, but eventually he decides to pretend to be Auster and see where it leads him. In Immortality by Milan Kundera, the author references himself in a storyline seemingly separate from that of his fictional characters, but at the end of the novel, Kundera meets his own characters.

With the rise of the "star" system in Hollywood, many famous actors are so familiar that it can be hard to limit our reading of their character to a single film. In some sense, Bruce Lee is always Bruce Lee, Woody Allen is always Woody Allen, and Harrison Ford is always Harrison Ford; all often portray characters that are very alike, so audiences fuse the star persona with the characters they tend to play, a principle explored in the Arnold Schwarzeneggar vehicle, Last Action Hero.

Some fiction and drama make constant reference to a character who is never seen. This often becomes a sort of joke with the audience. This device is the centrepoint of one of the most unusual and original plays of the 20th century, Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot, in which Godot of the title never arrives.

Iconic fictional characters

Some fictional characters are so famous that they can be references easily outside of the work from which they came, often because they have come to symbolize some archetype or ideal.

Character	Description	Significance
Alice	The young heroine of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll	Symbolic of a naïve girl introduced into a strange, new world
Batman	DC Comics superhero created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger	Symbol of mystery and heroism driven by a dark obsession
Big Brother	Iconic leader of the totalitarian state of Oceania in 1984 by George Orwell	Term describing any propaganda symbol people are made to feverously love without sense or reason; also used for any monitoring or supervising perceived as overly intrusive
Bugs Bunny	Carrot-chomping, Warner Bros. cartoon rabbit, known for the catch phrase “What’s Up Doc?”	Symbol of benign slyness and cunning
Archie Bunker	Character in the sitcom All in the Family	His name has become a term for bigot, especially an older one who maintains outdated attitudes
Charlie Brown	Child protagonist of the comic strip Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz	Prototypical lovable loser and chronic worrier
Captain Ahab	Sea captain from Moby Dick by Hermann Melville, who is on a never-ending quest to kill the title whale	Often used to describe a person with a destructive, hate-driven and all-consuming quest
Cinderella	Title character from an age-old rags-to-riches fairy tale	Term for anyone who rises from a meager, unhappy life into a more pleasant one; especially a woman who does so through a relationship with an elite man
Cthulhu	Godlike monstrosity in H.P. Lovecraft's short story "Call of Cthulhu"	Personification of cosmic forces beyond mankind's comprehension
Darth Vader	Villain and right hand to the Emperor in George Lucas’Star Wars films	Symbol of evil, heartlessness, and supreme power
Don Quixote	Title character from Miguel Cervantes' novel; believed he was a chivalric knight although he was actually a self-deluded buffoon	Symbol of dedication to achieving one's goals in spite of all obstacles, especially reality; source of adjective "quixotic"
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde	Title characters from the novel by Robert Louis Stevenson; due to a wayward experience the quiet scientist Jekyll would transform into the malicious Hyde	Refers to anyone particularly two-faced, especially with one bad and one good side
Dracula	Title vampire from Bram Stoker’s horror novel	Archetypal vampire, a metaphor for any person, thing or idea that is life or energy-draining
Hamlet	Protagonist of William Shakespeare play of the same name	Symbol of any brooding, angry young man with a willingness to accost others; also used to symbolize indecisiveness
Holden Caulfield	Protagonist of The Catcher in the Rye by JD Salinger	Symbol of troubled, cynical young men
Homer Simpson	Character from the animated sitcom The Simpsons, created by Matt Groening	Often used to refer to an oafish American adult male
Huckleberry Finn	Runaway youth featured in several works by Mark Twain	Symbol of anyone with an exceedingly simple moral code, especially one that clashes with larger society
Indiana Jones	Globe-trotting archaeologist in a series of films by George Lucas and Steven Spielberg	Symbol of high adventure
James Bond	Secret agent from a series of novels by Ian Fleming and a long-running series films	Used to describe anyone who is suave, charming, clever and attractive to women; inspiration to countless movie spies
King Arthur	Legendary British king; maybe not entirely fictional	Epitome of righteousness, justice and virtue
Lolita	Nickname of the 12-year-old girl from Vladimir Nabokov's novel of the same name	Name for any young girl involved with an older man
Macbeth	Title character from a William Shakespeare play of the same name	Symbolic of anyone undone by a drive for power
Ophelia	Character in the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare. One-time love interest of the title character; she who drowns, possibly by suicide	Term used to describe any troubled and mentally unstable young woman
Prince Charming	Prince from the fairy tale Sleeping Beauty by Charles Perrault	Term for any handsome, charismatic, and ideal male suitor
Robin Hood	Outlaw from British legend who "steals from the rich to give to the poor"	Archetypical “outlaw hero” who fights the wealthy and powerful for the sake of the poor and helpless.
Romeo and Juliet	Title couple from William Shakespeare's play of the same name, lovers whose marriage is forbidden by a family rivalry.	Their names are used to describe any passionate pair of young lovers, especially one whose love is doomed or forbidden
Ebenezer Scrooge	Wealthy, ill-tempered old man from A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens	Term used to describe anyone miserly and uncharitable
Sherlock Holmes	Detective from several stories by Arthur Conan Doyle	Figure representing the power of observation and reason in the cause of justice.
Mr. Spock	Character in the television series Star Trek, a Vulcan/human hybrid	Symbol of logic and reason over passion and emotion
Superman	DC Comics superhero created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster	Archetypical superhero, modern messiah figure and a symbol of unstoppable good
Uncle Tom	Character in Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe, a black slave who is docile and obedient	Term for a person who is a disgrace to his or her race, especially African Americans who act in a stereotypical manner or act to please the "white establishment"
Wile E. Coyote	Warner Bros. cartoon character who constantly tries and fails to kill the Road Runner	Symbol of dedication in the face of futility
Yoda	Mentor of hero Luke Skywalker in George Lucas’ Star Wars film series	Commonly used example of a mysterious and wise mentor

Lists of fictional characters

General

List of advertising characters
List of aliens in fiction
List of comic and cartoon pairs
Comic and cartoon characters named after people
List of notable female fictional characters
List of dead fictional characters
List of fictional characters with one eye
List of fictional clergy and religious figures
List of mad scientists
List of mythological pairs
List of real-life characters
List of fictional robots and androids
List of Greek mythological characters
List of heroic fictional scientists and engineers
List of unseen characters
List of video game mascots
List of fictional witches
List of fictional television sitcom characters
List of fictional people known for their names
List of horror film killers

Stock characters

Damsel in distress
Femme fatale
Butch and femme
Hero
Mad scientist
Villain

Fictional animals

list of fictional apes (and other non-human primates, excluding Monkeys)
- list of fictional monkeys
list of fictional bears
list of fictional birds
list of fictional cats
list of fictional dinosaurs
list of fictional dogs
list of fictional dragons
list of fictional elephants
list of fictional horses
list of fictional mice and rats
list of fictional pigs
list of fictional rabbits
list of fictional sheep
List of fictional animals of other species

Lists of fictional characters in specific works or series

List of X-Men
List of Digimon
List of Pokémon
Characters from Dune
Characters of The Sandman
Characters in Atlas Shrugged
List of DC Comics characters
List of Dickens characters
List of Disney characters
List of Dragon Ball characters
List of Middle-earth peoples
List of Middle-earth characters
- Characters from The Lord of the Rings
List of Characters in Grand Theft Auto Vice City
List of characters in Beavis and Butt-head
List of Hercules and Xena characters
List of Mortal Kombat characters
List of Archie Comics characters
List of Characters in The Chronicles of Narnia
List of characters from Family Guy
List of characters from The Simpsons
- Fictional characters within The Simpsons
- List of celebrities on The Simpsons
- List of recurring characters from The Simpsons
- One-time characters from The Simpsons
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Boss Bailey

2005-02-28T13:33:00.000-08:00

Rodney Boss Bailey (born October 14, 1979 in Folkston, Georgia, U.S.A.) is an American football linebacker for the Detroit Lions of the NFL. He was selected with a second round (34th overall) pick in the 2003 NFL Draft out of the University of Georgia. He is the younger brother of Denver Broncos cornerback Champ Bailey, and former Georgia player Ronald Bailey.

Adolf Dymsza

2005-02-16T08:48:00.000-08:00

Adolf Dymsza (7 April 1900 - 21 August 1975) was a very popular Polish comedy actor of both the pre-World War II and post-war eras.

External links

Adolf Dymsza at the Internet Movie Database

Abul Fateh

2004-08-16T19:41:00.000-07:00

AFM Abul Fateh (born May 16, 1924) is the Bangladesh diplomat and statesman who became that country's first Foreign Secretary when it gained its independence in 1971and its highest ranked / most senior foreign service officer.

1 Biography
- 1.1 Early years and education
- 1.2 Early career as Pakistani diplomat
- 1.3 Early career as Bangladeshi diplomat and statesman
- 1.4 Later career as Bangladeshi diplomat
- 1.5 Retirement
2 Historical assessment
3 Honours
4 Quotations about Abul Fateh
5 References/External Links
6 See also

Biography

Early years and education

Abul Fateh was born in Kishorganj on 16 May 1924 in a landowning family, to Abdul Gafur and Zohra Khatun; he passed his Matriculation exams from Ramkrishna High English School in Kishorganj in 1941. After passing his Intermediate exams from Ananda Mohan College in Mymensingh in 1943, he undertook higher studies in English Literature at Dhaka University (BA Honours in 1946 and MA in 1947) where he also excelled in sport, for a time captaining the cricket team and becoming the table-tennis champion .

Abul Fateh is fluent in English, French, Arabic, Bengali, Hindi and Urdu and has a good knowledge of other South Asian Subcontinental languages.

Early career as Pakistani diplomat

While teaching English Literature at Brindaban College in Sylhet, he took the first Foreign Service exams of Pakistan (1948), before teaching English Literature for a few months at Michael Madhusudhan Datta College in Jessore. He joined the first batch of Pakistan Foreign Service trainees in 1949, moving to Karachi. Soon after he left for training in London, which included taking a special course at the London School of Economics, before he moved in 1950 to Paris to complete his training. Returning briefly to Karachi, he was sent back (1951) to Paris as Third Secretary in the Pakistan Embassy.

A further posting as Third Secretary followed in Calcutta (1953-1956). During this time he married, at Rangpur on 5 January 1956, Mahfuza Banu of Dhubri, Assam daughter of Shahabuddin Ahmed, a respected lawyer and Mashudaa Banu a well known social campaigner. Now promoted to Second Secretary, he served in the Pakistan Embassy in Washington, D.C. from 1956 to 1960, during which time he and his wife had their two sons.

He was a Director attached to the Foreign Ministry in Karachi from 1960 to 1963, during which time he went for a year and a half (1962-1963) to Geneva as a Fellow of the Graduate Institute of International Studies (Institut Universitaire des Hautes Etudes Internationales) under a Carnegie fellowship.

Further foreign postings followed. He was First Secretary (and latterly acting chief of mission) in Prague from 1965 to 1966, Counsellor in New Delhi from 1966 to 1967, and Deputy High Commissioner in Calcutta from 1968 to 1970. He received his first posting as Ambassador, at the Pakistan Embassy in Baghdad, in 1970.

Early career as Bangladeshi diplomat and statesman

After the Pakistani military crackdown in March 1971, he received a request from a former university dormitory mate, Syed Nazrul Islam, now Acting President in the Bangladesh government-in-exile, to join the liberation struggle. He responded promptly and positively.

At about the same time, in July 1971, Fateh received a summons from the Pakistan Foreign Ministry to attend a conference in Tehran of regional Pakistani ambassadors. He chose to take his official car ostensibly to drive to Tehran but, as he and his driver approached the Iran-Iraq border, he feigned chest pains and ordered the driver to return him home, where he arrived that evening. Saying that he would take a plane the next day, he dismissed the driver. That night, he fled with his wife and sons across the border into Kuwait, from where they took a plane to London.

The announcement of Fateh's defection to the Bangladesh cause marked the first time a full ambassador had joined the fledgling Bangladesh diplomatic service. The news was received with fury by the military regime in Islamabad, which meanwhile had discovered that on the afternoon just before his supposed departure for Tehran, he had cleared out the Pakistan Embassy bank account in Baghdad to the benefit of the Bangladesh government. The military regime’s requests to extradite him from London were rebuffed by the British Government.

These events were chronicled in a 2003 National Geographic Television documentary, Running for Freedom.

The Mujibnagar government made him ambassador-at-large, followed in August 1971 by the concurrent position of Adviser to the Acting President, a position he was to resign in January 1972 after the return to Bangladesh of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. He had a leading role, as the Bangladesh movement’s seniormost diplomat, in a delegation under Justice Abu Sayed Choudhury which went to the United Nations in New York to lobby for the Bangladesh cause. He was one of the first high officials to reach Dhaka after its liberation, and was quartered with other senior officials in Bangabhaban until January 1972. Already the effective head of the incipient foreign service, he became Foreign Secretary at the end of 1971. The book The Bangladesh Liberation War, Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971 edited by Sukumar Biswas (Dhaka: Mowla Brothers, 2005) further documents Fateh's work in support of the war.

Later career as Bangladeshi diplomat

He then took up the position of Bangladesh’s first Ambassador in Paris (1972-1976). The early part of this posting involved extensive travel in Africa to persuade African governments to recognise the independence of Bangladesh. In 1973 he represented Bangladesh at a Commonwealth conference for Youth Ministers in Lusaka. In 1975 he went to Morocco and, at a time of a shortage in supply of phosphates, managed to secure a substantial phosphate shipment for Bangladesh.

In mid-1975 he was selected to be High Commissioner in the UK, which post he took up in early 1976. His two years in London (1976-1977) saw him Chairing the Commonwealth Conference on Human Ecology and Development and the Bangladesh government approved his recommendation that dual citizenship be permitted. Many people from Bangladesh were settled in the UK, whose remittances into Bangladesh were an important source of foreign exchange. He pointed out that to oblige them to forgo Bangladesh citizenship if they took up the benefits of British nationality was not conducive to the continued maintenance of their ties to the mother country.

His last post was as Ambassador in Algiers (1977-1982). He represented the Bangladesh government at conferences on Namibia in Algiers of the United Nations (1980) and the Non Aligned Conference (1981).

Retirement

Retiring in 1982, he lived with his wife in Dhaka for ten years before they settled in London to be near their sons.

Historical assessment

By all accounts a modest, quiet and unassuming man, in retirement Abul Fateh appears to have turned down opportunities in business, politics and academia which might have raised his profile further. Instead he served out his term as a professional, career diplomat with distinction.

With hindsight he may now be regarded as a distinguished statesman who made an important, non-partisan contribution to the development of democratic values in Bangladesh. It is probably worth remembering that as Bangladesh has perpetually rated as one of the world’s most corrupt societies, Fateh’s reputation for integrity is not to be underestimated.

In his initial career in Pakistan Fateh would no doubt have been hampered both as a Bengali and as one who had married an Indian (Assamese) - nevertheless he rose to Director level in Pakistan's Foreign Diplomatic Service and became an Ambassador relatively quickly given the times.

Fateh played a significant role at the time of the Bangladesh Independence War in 1971.

Honours

Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, Silver Jubilee Medal, 1975.

Quotations about Abul Fateh

Especially intriguing is the move, an abortive one, by the Pakistani authorities to have A.F.M Abul Fateh, a Bengali serving as Pakistan’s ambassador abroad, extradited to Islamabad once he switches allegiance to the Mujibnagar government. [1]

— Syed Badrul Ahsan , New Age newspaper, Dhaka

References/External Links

Government of Bangladesh, Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Foreign Secretaries.
National Geographic TV documentary 2003
"Documenting a government-in-exile", February 2005 review of book Bangladesh Liberation War: Mujibnagar Government Documents 1971

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Abul Fateh

Contents

Biography

Early years and education

Early career as Pakistani diplomat

Early career as Bangladeshi diplomat and statesman

Later career as Bangladeshi diplomat

Retirement

Historical assessment

Honours

Quotations about Abul Fateh

References/External Links

See also